Ginseng: beneficial properties and uses

Dr. Boris Wydoff

Ginseng is a perennial medicinal plant, best known as a tonic and general strengthening agent. According to phytotherapy reference books, preparations of its root stimulate the central nervous system, increase work capacity, and help the body better tolerate physical and mental stress. Traditionally, ginseng is used for conditions of weakness and fatigue.

What is this plant and how to recognize it?

Ginseng is one of the plants that have long been used in medicine. Its scientific name is *Panax ginseng*. In reference books, the root is designated as *Radix Ginseng*. It is the root that is considered the main medicinal part of the plant.

In nature, ginseng gained wide fame in the Far East. According to reference books, it grows in the Primorsky Territory, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. The plant gained worldwide fame precisely as a representative of the Far Eastern medicinal flora.

History of ginseng research

Ginseng has been used in medicine since ancient times. However, its widespread fame does not mean that all its properties have been studied equally well. According to pharmacological reference books, a detailed study of various medicinal forms of ginseng began relatively late. Most of these studies were conducted in recent decades, primarily on laboratory animals.

The study of ginseng also contributed to interest in other plants of the Araliaceae family. Researchers examined their chemical composition and botanical relationship, which led to the study of new representatives of this group, some of which entered medical practice.

In medicinal literature, ginseng is often mentioned alongside eleutherococcus, aralia, and schisandra. They are united by traditional use as agents that support general tone. However, preparations from different plants have their own characteristics and are not completely interchangeable.

How to distinguish quality raw materials?

The ginseng root is especially highly valued. In old herbals, the quality of raw materials is of great importance. One reference book specifically notes that for use, one should select high-quality plants, in particular Korean preparations.

When choosing raw materials, it is important to consider not only its origin but also the condition of the root. In materials on the harvesting of wild ginseng, there is a separate classification of damages. It allows assessing the quality of roots and establishing purchase prices.

The external appearance of the root does not always reliably determine its origin and medicinal quality. Moreover, the similarity in the shape of roots of different plants can be misleading. Therefore, when purchasing, one should rely on labeling and documents confirming the type and origin of the raw material, not just its appearance.

Ginseng appears in medicinal reference books for a reason. Its preparations have been studied in quite detail. At the same time, pharmacological studies of different medicinal forms were conducted mainly over the past few decades, including on laboratory animals.

For me, a simple principle is important here. Ginseng should not be perceived as a universal remedy for any problem. Its traditional use is primarily associated with a tonic effect and support for work capacity.

How is this plant beneficial for the nervous system?

According to phytotherapy reference books, one of the main features of ginseng is its effect on the central nervous system. In studies of root preparations, an increase in excitation processes in the neurons of the cerebral cortex and brainstem was noted.

The effect depends on the dose. In small doses, ginseng preparations enhanced excitation processes and weakened inhibitory processes. In large doses, the opposite picture was observed: inhibitory processes were enhanced.

This is an important observation. It shows that the amount of the preparation matters. Therefore, exceeding the recommended dose should not be done.

In experiments on animals, ginseng preparations increased work capacity and reduced fatigue under significant physical and stress loads. A pronounced adaptogenic effect is also described. In reference books, this is understood as the body's ability to better adapt to adverse effects.

Ginseng preparations have traditionally been used as tonic and general strengthening agents. Reference literature describes their use in conditions of weakness, prolonged physical and mental fatigue.

How are its fruits related to work capacity?

Ginseng is often associated with supporting general tone. According to reference books, root preparations were used to increase work capacity and the body's resistance to stressful situations and adverse external influences.

Separately, its use during the recovery period after serious illnesses, complex surgical interventions, and prolonged complications is described. Ginseng was also used for prolonged physical and mental fatigue.

In medical observations provided in the reference book, after prescribing the tincture, an improvement in general condition, a reduction in complaints of lethargy and rapid fatigue, improved appetite, and increased general tone were noted.

However, such information does not mean that ginseng replaces treatment. In cases of illness and pronounced weakness, the cause of the condition is determined by a doctor.

Ginseng also has seasonal effects. The reference book indicates that its intake was considered most effective in autumn and winter. At other times of the year, smaller doses were recommended.

Seasonality and adaptogenic effect

In traditional schemes of ginseng use, the time of year was taken into account. The autumn-winter period was considered the most suitable for taking root preparations, while in spring and summer, it was recommended to reduce dosages. This provision is cited in old reference literature and does not replace modern instructions for medicinal products.

The adaptogenic effect of ginseng was also considered in connection with the body's response to physical and mental stress. In experiments, root preparations increased the resistance of animals to stressful influences and helped maintain work capacity during fatigue.

However, the adaptogenic effect should not be understood as protection from all adverse conditions. It describes the results of certain observations and experiments, not a guaranteed effect with everyday use.

What is known about its effects on other systems?

The pharmacological effect of ginseng in reference books is described as broad. In experiments, improved cerebral blood supply in cats due to the expansion of pineal vessels and increased oxygen consumption by animals were noted.

The effect on the cardiovascular system was also described. It turned out to be ambiguous and depended on the dose. In small doses, ginseng slightly increased blood pressure in different animal species, while in large doses, it could lower it.

Under the influence of the preparation, an increase in the amplitude of heart contractions and a decrease in heart rate were noted. These data were obtained in experiments and should not be directly applied to humans as a recommendation.

Reference books also describe the effect of ginseng preparations on metabolic processes in liver cells and bone marrow. In experiments, changes in the synthesis of DNA, protein, RNA, and lipids were noted, as well as effects on some hormonal and neurotransmitter processes.

Separately, anti-stress properties and increased resistance of animals to certain adverse effects are described. There is data on the activation of hematopoiesis and other physiological processes.

Influence on metabolic processes

In experimental studies of ginseng preparations, not only the reactions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems were studied, but also changes in cellular metabolism. In particular, an increase in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein in bone marrow cells was described, as well as changes in the activity of enzymes involved in metabolic processes.

Researchers also noted changes in the content of certain biologically active substances in the adrenal glands and brains of laboratory animals. In particular, changes in the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were recorded.

In experiments, anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng preparations and accelerated wound healing in animals were also discovered. However, such results in themselves do not prove the effectiveness of the root in treating inflammatory diseases or tissue damage in humans.

Such information helps understand why ginseng is classified as a group of tonic plants. But experimental results are not a standalone basis for treating a specific disease.

In which cases is it traditionally used?

According to phytotherapy reference books, ginseng preparations were used as tonic and general strengthening agents. Among the conditions for which such use is described are asthenic conditions, physical and mental fatigue, and the recovery period after serious illnesses and surgeries.

Reference literature also describes its use for certain neurotic conditions, insomnia, and a decrease in general tone. Separately, its use for impotence is mentioned. There are also more specialized medical prescriptions. For example, ginseng preparations are described among general tonic agents for hypokinetic dyskinesia. However, it is especially important here to distinguish between traditional use and self-treatment. If there is a diagnosis or persistent symptoms, a medical examination is first needed.

Use during the recovery period

In old medical reference books, ginseng is mentioned among the agents prescribed during the reconvalescence period, i.e., recovery after serious illnesses. It was also included in some schemes to support patients after complex surgical interventions and prolonged complications.

In individual medical observations, improvements in appetite, general well-being, and work capacity indicators were reported in patients taking root preparations. Some authors described easing the postoperative period when using ginseng as part of complex preparation.

This information relates to specific medical observations and historical treatment schemes. It does not mean that ginseng is necessary for every person after surgery or a serious illness. The decision on its use during the recovery period is made by the attending physician, taking into account the patient's condition and the medications taken.

How to properly take root preparations?

In the reference book, the ginseng root is described for internal use in the form of a tincture or tablets. The tincture is prescribed before meals, 15–25 drops 3 times a day. The tablet form is 0.15–0.3 g 3 times a day. The course of treatment is indicated to last 2–4 weeks.

In another medical prescription, ginseng tincture was used in 20 drops 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. Such schemes relate to specific medical prescriptions from reference literature.

Therefore, the dosage should not be increased on the principle of "more means stronger." For ginseng, this is especially important because reference books describe a dose-dependent effect. Normal intake in recommended amounts, according to the reference book, was most often not accompanied by side effects. But sometimes nausea, vomiting, headache, and increased blood pressure occurred.

Medicinal forms of ginseng

Several forms of root preparations are described in medical practice. These include tincture, tablets, and liquid extract. In different countries, the range of available products may vary.

The tincture is a liquid preparation for which the dosage is indicated in drops. Tablets allow measuring the amount of active raw material in accordance with the established dose. Liquid extract also refers to ready-made medicinal forms; however, its concentration and method of use depend on the specific preparation.

When choosing a medicinal form, it is important to consider the manufacturer's instructions. Even if two products are made from the same plant, their concentration and dosages may differ. Therefore, transferring the intake scheme from tincture to extract or tablets without checking the instructions is not possible.

Can you make tea or infusion?

Ginseng is traditionally used in medicinal forms, primarily as a tincture and tablets. In reference literature, ginseng is also considered a tonic plant, but specific proportions for homemade tea, infusion, or decoction are not established in the provided recipes.

For a medicinal plant, it is better to adhere to the dosage of the finished preparation and its instructions. This is especially important because ginseng has a dose-dependent effect on the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Homemade increases in the amount of root can change the expected effect.

How is this plant harvested and stored?

In reference literature, the main attention is paid to the quality of the root. For medicinal use, high-quality raw materials are valued, and wild ginseng is considered separately.

In harvesting materials, the requirements for wild ginseng and damage to its roots are described. In the presence of natural or artificial damage, the purchase price of such raw materials was reduced by 10% for first-group damage and by 20% for second-group damage.

Groups of damage to wild ginseng roots were determined according to GOST 10064-62.

Assessment of root damage during harvesting

In historical rules for the purchase of wild ginseng, the condition of the roots was considered separately from their origin. The presence of natural or artificial damage could affect the cost of the raw material. For first-group damage, a 10% reduction in the purchase price was provided; for second-group damage, a 20% reduction.

The division into groups was carried out in accordance with GOST 10064-62. Such classification was part of the system for evaluating harvested raw materials, not a recommendation for independently determining its medicinal suitability.

Damage is important not only for the appearance of the root. It can complicate the assessment of its safety and quality. Therefore, for medical use, it is preferable to choose raw materials with confirmed origin and appropriate labeling.

For home use, this once again shows the importance of raw material quality. The root must be intended specifically for medicinal use. Do not use an unknown plant just because it is called ginseng.

Finished preparations have a clearer medicinal form and indicated dosage. When choosing them, it is important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and not exceed the recommended amount.

How to find ginseng abroad

If you live in the USA or Europe, ginseng can be found in pharmacies, health food stores, and specialized tea shops. When purchasing, it is important to pay attention to the name of the plant and the part from which the product is made.

• USA: look for Asian ginseng, Korean ginseng, or *Panax ginseng*. Such products are sold in pharmacies, health food stores, and online.
• Germany: use the names Ginseng, Ginsengwurzel, or Koreanischer Ginseng. Look for the plant in pharmacies (Apotheke), Reformhaus stores, tea shops, and online.
• France: look for ginseng, ginseng asiatique, ginseng coréen, or racine de ginseng. Ginseng is sold in pharmacies (pharmacie), health food stores, tea shops, and online.

Ginseng is available in several forms:

• whole or sliced dried root;
• ground root for brewing and tea bags;
• tinctures and liquid extracts;
• capsules with root powder or extract.

White and red ginseng are different processing methods of the root.

What to check on the packaging:

• Latin name *Panax ginseng* and indication of the root (radix, Wurzel, or racine);
• composition and form of release;
• presence of confirmed organic certification, if labeled as organic or bio.

Do not confuse Asian ginseng with American ginseng (*Panax quinquefolius*) and the so-called Siberian ginseng (*Eleutherococcus senticosus*). In Germany, a distinction is also made between medicinal tea (Arzneitee) and ordinary food tea (Lebensmitteltee). In the USA, dietary supplements do not undergo prior FDA approval before sale. Each country has its own rules for labeling and selling such products.

What is important to consider regarding contraindications?

Current data indicate that short-term internal use of ginseng in recommended amounts is usually considered safe for most adults. However, the safety of long-term use is less studied. Ginseng cannot be used in case of allergy to it. Caution is needed with autoimmune diseases and blood clotting disorders. In such situations, consultation with a doctor is necessary before use.

Ginseng may interact with medications. It is especially important to discuss its use with a doctor when taking anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, including warfarin. Data on the effect of ginseng on the action of anticoagulants remain ambiguous.

It may also enhance the effect of insulin and sulfonylurea drugs that lower blood sugar levels. Interactions with MAO inhibitors, including phenelzine, as well as with imatinib and raltegravir, are possible. For many such interactions, data are still insufficient.

Before surgery, inform your doctor about taking ginseng. MSKCC recommends discontinuing its use at least one week before surgery.

Ginseng should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding. There is insufficient safety data. For children, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) does not recommend ginseng root preparations under the age of 18 due to a lack of sufficient safety data.

The most common side effect is insomnia. Possible side effects include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, itching, hives, nervousness, and rapid heartbeat.

Rarely, severe allergic reactions, severe skin rash, and liver damage are described. With improper or excessive use, increased pressure, insomnia, diarrhea, chest pain, rash, and confusion have also been reported.

A toxic dose of ginseng has not been clearly established. Therefore, exceeding the recommended dose of the preparation should not be done. After ingesting 200 ml of tincture or a whole root of medium size, reference books describe symptoms of intoxication, including rash, dizziness, headache, and increased pressure.

When do you need a doctor?

If, after taking ginseng, an allergic reaction, severe rash, severe heartbeat, vomiting, headache, or other unusual symptoms appear, use should be discontinued and medical help sought.

In cases of pregnancy and breastfeeding, a doctor should decide on the use. Children should not use ginseng root preparations without medical recommendation. If a person regularly takes medications, especially those affecting blood clotting or blood sugar levels, compatibility should be discussed in advance with a specialist. In cases of chronic diseases, a doctor's consultation is also necessary. Ginseng does not replace diagnosis and prescribed treatment.

Boris Wydoff — naturopath and author, Ph.D. in nutrition. For over fifty years I have helped people restore health through nutrition, cleansing and the power of the mind — in Europe, America and Asia. About the author →

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